Focused Review.
Pick one hard topic. Get the method straight, then try it on unfamiliar data.
Gene Regulation
Work out what changed: transcription, RNA processing, RNA stability, translation, or protein stability.
UNIT 04Signal Transduction
Use pathway diagrams, broken receptors, and rescue experiments to locate the failed step.
UNIT 05Linkage & Recombination
Read testcross data, spot recombinants, and explain when genes do not assort independently.
UNIT 02Water Potential & Osmosis
Predict which way water moves and read the zero crossing in potato-core data.
UNIT 03Respiration & Mitochondrial Inhibitors
Compare oxygen consumption, the proton gradient, and ATP under different disruptions.
UNIT 07Hardy–Weinberg
Go from phenotype to allele frequency to expected genotypes without mixing them up.
CROSS-UNIT SKILLChi-Square & Experimental Evidence
Choose an expected ratio, test it, and explain what the evidence supports.
UNIT 03Enzyme Kinetics
Read rate curves and distinguish saturation, inhibition, and changes in enzyme activity.
UNIT 05Pedigrees & Inheritance
Rule out inheritance patterns and calculate probabilities with incomplete family information.
UNIT 03Photosynthesis
Light reactions, the Calvin cycle, plant adaptations, and pH.